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Etymology: Perhaps a blend of bump  + fractious, “assertive,”.

Meaning:

1. Crudely or loudly assertive; pushy.
2. Self-important, conceited.
3. Offensively self-assertive.

Usage of Bumptious :

1. And the authorities can’t be fooled into making bumptious statements because they’re all media-savvy now.
2. My boyfriend’s bumptious personality is one of the reasons why we sometimes have trouble agreeing on the same thing in certain situations.
3. He is a very bumptious young man.

Synonyms: Pushy, forward, cocky, cheeky, brash.

Antonyms: Self-effacing, humble, modest, uncertain.

Etymology: From Middle English be- “thoroughly” rate “to scold,”.

Meaning:

1. To rebuke or scold angrily and at length.
2. Criticize hatefully.
3. Censure severely or angrily.

Usage of Berate :

1. He berated them in public.
2. Do not loudly berate the player – or shout out your words.
3. The attacking team may berate the referee for not allowing the kick to take place on the exact infringement spot.
4. Do n’t berate yourself, as such symptoms are a common part of re-entry.

Synonyms: Abuse, vilify, vituperate, objurgate.

Antonyms: Compliment, hail, praise.

Etymology: From Latin approbation, from ap- + probatus, from probare (to test the goodness of).

Meaning:

1. An expression of warm approval; praise.
2. Official approval.
3. Approval, praise, commendation, official sanction.
4. Obsolete . conclusive proof.

Usage of Approbation :

1. I wrote for their Amendment, and not their Approbation.
2. Beatrice looked at her daughter with great approbation.
3. Most of us desire the approbation of others – or, at worst, wish to avoid their condemnation.
4. The habits and frames of mind that win approbation are such as are useful.

Synonyms: Admiration, approval, consent, endorsement, esteem, favor, sanction.

Antonyms: Criticism, disapprobation.

Etymology: From Latin impugnare  to fight against, attack.

Meaning:

1. To attack as false or questionable; challenge in argument: impugn a political opponent’s record.
2. Criticize, challenge.
3. Attack as false or wrong.
4. To challenge as false (another’s statements, motives, etc.); cast doubt upon.
5. Archaic . to assail (a person) by words or arguments; vilify.
6. Obsolete . to attack (a person) physically.

Usage of Impugn :

1. To do so would impugn the decision of the earlier Judge.
2. There, if the challenge is successful, the impugned order will be quashed and set aside.
3. The impugned provision does not therefore contravene the prohibition of discrimination.
4. He wouldn’t want to impugn the professionalism of the pros anyway.
5. However the scientific nature of Freud’s work has been seriously impugned.

Synonyms: Attack, asperse, malign, criticize, censure.

Antonyms: Flatter, praise, support.

Etymology: From Latin expurgare  to clean out, from purgare  to purify.

Meaning:

1. To remove erroneous, vulgar, obscene, or otherwise objectionable material from (a book, for example) before publication.
2. Censor, cut.
3. To remove objectionable (especially sexual or politically sensitive) passages from a text.
4. To clean up, remove impurities. An expurgated edition of a book has had offensive words or descriptions changed or removed.
5. To remove obscenity or objectionable parts from.

Usage of Expurgate :

1. The editor’s job was to expurgate any passage deemed inappropriate for young eyes.
2. Whoever says such things must have read a very heavily expurgated version of the Old Testament.
3. All we have left now is an expurgated edition of that uncle.
4. The 6-page expurgated minutes suggest the CSM had a negligible input.

Synonyms: Delete, excise, censor, purge, bowdlerize.

Antonyms: Allow, permit, approve, endorse, sanction.

Etymology: From Latin re-  ”back, again” + criminari  ”to accuse,”.

Meaning:

1. The act of recriminating.
2. A countercharge.
3. Law. A defense in an action for divorce in which the accused party makes a similar accusation, as of adultery or cruelty, against the plaintiff.
4. Mutual accusations.

Usage of Recrimination :

1. Recriminations flew thick and fast between the feuding neighbours.
2. The lawyer recriminated the husband when the wife said he committed adultery.
3. Others have written about the epidemic of partisanship and lack of character in our government’s elected branches and the cycle of recrimination and disaffection it has created.

Synonyms: Allegation, attribution, complaint, denunciation, squawk.

Antonyms: Applause, commendation, exaltation, exculpation, praise, thanks.

Etymology: Middle English parcimony, from Latin parsimonia, from parsus, past participle of parcere, to spare.

Meaning:

1. Unusual or excessive frugality; extreme economy or stinginess.
2. Adoption of the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory or in the interpretation of data, especially in accordance with the rule of Ockham’s razor.
3. Extreme care in spending money; reluctance to spend money unnecessarily.
4. Extreme stinginess.

Usage of Parsimony :

1. Her parsimonious family never offered her second servings in dinner.
2. It is, however, a very parsimonious explanation of the results.
3. In this area of work, we would look at a parsimonious approach to adding programmability to routers.
4. The authors used regression analyzes to identify parsimonious models that explained variance in early reading.

Synonyms: Frugality, meanness, miserliness, niggardliness, providence, selfishness.

Antonyms: Generosity, nobility, worthiness.

Etymology: Of uncertain origin; perhaps related to Latin quando  ”when”.

Meaning:

1. A state of uncertainty or perplexity.
2. Delicate situation.
3. The state of doubt or puzzlement.
4. A situation or circumstance that presents problems difficult to solve; predicament; dilemma.

Usage of Quandary :

1. We were in a quandary as to whether we should go on vacation this week or next week.
2. In the 1980s, I found myself in a similar quandary.
3. What I’ve just found out is that someone who came with me from Earth has been put in an ethical quandary.
4. This was such a profound and lovely meaning that I was left in a real quandary.
5. Stamp duty on UK share transactions, a British rarity, presents a typical quandary.

Synonyms: Bewilderment, difficulty, dilemma, doubt, perplexity, predicament, puzzle, uncertainty.

Antonyms: Advantage, certainty, solution.

Etymology: From Latin proscribere (to publish in writing, to name someone as outlawed), from pro- (front) + scribere (write).

Meaning:

1. To denounce or condemn or exile someone.
2. To prohibit; forbid something, especially by law.
3. To refuse to allow.
4. To outlaw as dangerous.
5. To banish or exile.
6. To announce the name of (a person) as condemned to death and subject to confiscation of property.

Usage of Proscribe :

1. The parents will proscribe riding bicycles in the street if they see their children not looking for approaching cars.
2. You ca n’t proscribe any expression of love for the team.
3. But no society can legally proscribe the profanation of the sacred and call itself completely free.
4. We have also proscribed some types of talk, racist, sexist.
5. Freedom of expression is what we have: artistic activity as such is not proscribed by law.

Synonyms: Censure, disapprove, repudiate.

Antonyms: Admit, allow, include, permit, praise, welcome.